KALISPELL - Environmentalists will once again file suit on behalf of Western wolves, this time challenging a plan that would remove federal protection from the species in Montana and Idaho.
“We are so incredibly close to fulfilling the conditions necessary to declare the wolves' comeback as complete,” said Louisa Wilcox, “but this move threatens to undo what should be an incredible conservation success story.”
Wilcox directs the Livingston-based offices of the Natural Resources Defense Council. That group, along with a dozen others, will file their notice of intent to sue on Thursday, aiming to keep wolves on the endangered species list.
Wildlife managers say wolves were hunted to biological extinction in the region by the 1930s, and given protection under the Endangered Species Act in 1973.
Natural recolonization in the 1980s and artificial relocation efforts in the 1990s quickly bolstered wolf numbers in Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, however. By 2002, the minimum goals of the ESA had been met - 30 breeding pairs and at least 300 individual wolves, well dispersed, for three consecutive years.
Since then, populations have increased dramatically.
Today, the “metapopulation” is estimated at about 1,500 wolves, with about 100 breeding pairs, including more than 400 wolves in Montana.
Hunters, ranchers and state wildlife officials all have called for removing federal wolf protections, and granting management authority to states. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service did just that in March 2008, but the decision was predicated on wolf management plans crafted by the three states.
Wildlife advocates sued, saying Wyoming's plan allowed too many wolves to be shot - more than 100 were killed following the initial delisting.
In July, federal District Court Judge Donald Molloy ruled from Missoula that Wyoming's plan was indeed inadequate, and wolf protections were reinstated.
Federal wildlife officials responded in January with a new proposal, to delist wolves in Montana and Idaho, but to maintain federal protections in Wyoming.
On Thursday, federal officials intend to formally file the delisting rule, which will take effect in May.
That filing will trigger the 60-day notice of intent to sue by Earthjustice on behalf of NRDC, Defenders of Wildlife, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, the Humane Society of the United States, Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance, Friends of the Clearwater, Alliance for the Wild Rockies, Oregon Wild, Cascadia Wildlands Project, Western Watersheds Project, Wildlands Project and Hells Canyon Preservation Council.
“That is absolutely one of the main issues,” said NRDC's Josh Mogerman. “Splitting up the protected population like that is completely contrary to the Fish and Wildlife Service's policy.”
Once a population is listed under the Endangered Species Act, he said, it should not be delisted piecemeal. Mogerman points to a 2003 Fish and Wildlife Service memo stating “we cannot use a boundary between states to subdivide a single biological population in an effort to artificially create a discrete population.”
Sylvia Fallon, staff scientist at NRDC, said Wednesday “you cannot have protections start and stop at state lines, particularly when genetic interchange between the packs is essential for the wolf's long-term survival.”
But Ed Bangs, wolf recovery coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says his agency is not dividing the metapopulation. Instead, he said, it's dividing management authority. State biologists will ensure stable wolf populations in Montana and Idaho, Bangs said, and federal biologists will do the same in Wyoming.
“It's still one population,” he said.
Plaintiffs also argue that initial recovery goals are outdated, in the face of new science emphasizing the importance of genetically connected populations. While some genetic interchange has been recorded, environmentalists remain concerned that statewide wolf hunting seasons would interrupt that connectivity.
Bangs disagrees, however, and says “the science is clear - there are absolutely no genetic problems with wolves in the Northern Rockies.”
But science, he added, may have little to do with what has become a political and social debate.
“This whole discussion, it's almost like that movie ‘Groundhog Day,' ” Bangs said. “It's hard for me to see an end to it.”