Ta-Da....
Long-distance movement is directed at ranging and migration (14). Ranging involves exploring a new area and locating a new home range, and the behaviour stops when this is found. In contrast, the function of migration is to actively relocate the insect to a habitat that is, or will be, better equipped with resources than the present habitat (26). The long-distance movement of insects is most efficiently achieved by utilising the rapid winds situated above the FBL (27). Though the numbers are extremely small, Culicoides midges have been collected at altitudes of up to 300 m in North America (28), 900 m in Mexico, 4,000 m in Louisiana (29) and 2,000 m in Kenya (30); these observations underpin the assumption that Culicoides are transported over long distances on winds. Insects are cold-blooded and Culicoides midges and mosquitoes are active at temperatures between 10 and 35°C; therefore, for midges and mosquitoes to survive transportation by winds above the FBL, the winds should be warm: 15 to 20°C at night or 20 to 40°C by day (31).
Long-distance movement is directed at ranging and migration (14). Ranging involves exploring a new area and locating a new home range, and the behaviour stops when this is found. In contrast, the function of migration is to actively relocate the insect to a habitat that is, or will be, better equipped with resources than the present habitat (26). The long-distance movement of insects is most efficiently achieved by utilising the rapid winds situated above the FBL (27). Though the numbers are extremely small, Culicoides midges have been collected at altitudes of up to 300 m in North America (28), 900 m in Mexico, 4,000 m in Louisiana (29) and 2,000 m in Kenya (30); these observations underpin the assumption that Culicoides are transported over long distances on winds. Insects are cold-blooded and Culicoides midges and mosquitoes are active at temperatures between 10 and 35°C; therefore, for midges and mosquitoes to survive transportation by winds above the FBL, the winds should be warm: 15 to 20°C at night or 20 to 40°C by day (31).