Even this small critter can have devastating results on the animal world if left unchecked
A Parasite Devastates Bees, and Farmers Are Worried
By IVER PETERSON
AIRFIELD, N.J., April 28 - "Do you want to see a ghost town?" Joe Linelho asked. He pulled the lid off one of his beehives and worked one of the honey frames loose with a small blade. Not a bee responded to the intrusion. The hundreds of little hexagonal cells, where young bees should be incubating, were empty, and at the center hung a cluster of bees, all dead.
Mr. Linelho, a bee hobbyist, began the winter with 40 hives, each with a queen and 50,000 to 70,000 honeybees. In the spring, when fruit growers rent hives to pollinate their crops, he had just 20 thriving hives left, with the rest as dead as the one he had just opened, or nearly so, with only a few bees surviving.
Beekeepers across the country have found losses in similar or worse proportions, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, with the West Coast hit the hardest. And while it is normal for a small number of domestic bees to die over the winter, an Asian parasite, the Varroa mite, is blamed for much of the bee death.
"This is a national problem," said Kevin Hackett, national program leader for bees and pollination at the Agriculture Department's Research Service. "We've lost at least half of our hives, and 70 percent in some areas. With a couple of million hives in the U.S., and you reduce that population by half, that's very serious."
The problem is not just about honey. Bees are needed to pollinate $15 billion worth of agricultural products a year. Growers report increasing competition, and rising prices, for the hives that are moved around the country in the spring, from the almonds in California in February to the apples, blueberries and other fruits elsewhere later in the season.
"All the fun stuff - the fruits and nuts and berries - are pollinated by bees," Mr. Hackett said.
Paul A. Raybold, the New Jersey state apiarist, has so far inspected 756 hives in the state and found 440 of them dead. "You always expect a winter die-off of maybe 5 or 10 percent, but nothing like this," he said. A warming spell followed by a cold snap last winter caught many bees away from their honey supply, Mr. Raybold said.
But most of the losses are being attributed to the Varroa mite, which came into the country in the early 1980's, Mr. Raybold said, and began by devastating the country's wild honeybee population.
Beekeepers used miticides to protect their bees. But now the mite - which is unusual among parasites because it kills its host, Mr. Raybold said - is developing resistance to the chemicals, and researchers are looking for new defenses.
For commercial beekeepers and the farmers who need their bees to pollinate their crops each spring, the loss of so large a part of the bee population has aroused concerns about shortages and high prices.
"I'm not in the pollination business, but this year I wish I was," said Bob Hughes, president of the New Jersey Beekeepers Association, who said he had lost more than half of his nearly 200 hives in Yardville, N.J. "I've had three phone calls in three days from people who want to rent colonies for pollinating. I sent two of them to hobbyists I knew. But the other one I couldn't help." So far this spring, he said, 11,000 hives have been brought to New Jersey to pollinate crops.
Fruit growers usually pay $30 to $40 to have a hive placed among their plants in the spring, with the hive's owner keeping the honey. But Chris Heintz, director of research for the Almond Board of California, said she had heard reports of growers paying more than $100 per hive. With one hive needed per acre of almond trees, that can add up fast.
Such an increase in the price of bees worries Paul Geletta, one of the owners of Atlantic Blueberry Farms, a big producer in Hammonton, N.J. Knowing that there might be a shortage, he arranged back in January to rent hives for this spring, lining up beekeepers in Louisiana, Florida and Virginia. But if people in California are paying $100 for a hive that fetches about $40 in New Jersey, he said, will he be able to get bees next spring?
"Some of the beekeepers down South are going to be tempted to go out to California for the almonds if this keeps up," Mr. Geletta said.
Mr. Linelho has bought a "hygienic queen" from Russia, one that is genetically predisposed to keep itself and other bees clean of dirt and parasites. He hopes this tendency will spread to his bees. He and Mr. Hughes will also employ beekeeping tricks to combine surviving bees from decimated colonies. The hope is that these combined colonies can produce a queen - and that researchers can find a way to stop the mites.
One possible solution involves putting screens in the bottom of the honeycomb frames that would make it harder for mites that have fallen down to climb back. Another involves deploying a chemical bees secrete in making wax that is harmless to the bees but potentially fatal to the mites. In addition, researchers are working on a fungus, also harmless to bees but bad for mites, that would be applied to vinyl strips and hung inside the hive.
"This is a crisis, right now," said Mr. Hackett, the Agriculture Department researcher, "and we're throwing everything we have at it."
A Parasite Devastates Bees, and Farmers Are Worried
By IVER PETERSON
AIRFIELD, N.J., April 28 - "Do you want to see a ghost town?" Joe Linelho asked. He pulled the lid off one of his beehives and worked one of the honey frames loose with a small blade. Not a bee responded to the intrusion. The hundreds of little hexagonal cells, where young bees should be incubating, were empty, and at the center hung a cluster of bees, all dead.
Mr. Linelho, a bee hobbyist, began the winter with 40 hives, each with a queen and 50,000 to 70,000 honeybees. In the spring, when fruit growers rent hives to pollinate their crops, he had just 20 thriving hives left, with the rest as dead as the one he had just opened, or nearly so, with only a few bees surviving.
Beekeepers across the country have found losses in similar or worse proportions, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, with the West Coast hit the hardest. And while it is normal for a small number of domestic bees to die over the winter, an Asian parasite, the Varroa mite, is blamed for much of the bee death.
"This is a national problem," said Kevin Hackett, national program leader for bees and pollination at the Agriculture Department's Research Service. "We've lost at least half of our hives, and 70 percent in some areas. With a couple of million hives in the U.S., and you reduce that population by half, that's very serious."
The problem is not just about honey. Bees are needed to pollinate $15 billion worth of agricultural products a year. Growers report increasing competition, and rising prices, for the hives that are moved around the country in the spring, from the almonds in California in February to the apples, blueberries and other fruits elsewhere later in the season.
"All the fun stuff - the fruits and nuts and berries - are pollinated by bees," Mr. Hackett said.
Paul A. Raybold, the New Jersey state apiarist, has so far inspected 756 hives in the state and found 440 of them dead. "You always expect a winter die-off of maybe 5 or 10 percent, but nothing like this," he said. A warming spell followed by a cold snap last winter caught many bees away from their honey supply, Mr. Raybold said.
But most of the losses are being attributed to the Varroa mite, which came into the country in the early 1980's, Mr. Raybold said, and began by devastating the country's wild honeybee population.
Beekeepers used miticides to protect their bees. But now the mite - which is unusual among parasites because it kills its host, Mr. Raybold said - is developing resistance to the chemicals, and researchers are looking for new defenses.
For commercial beekeepers and the farmers who need their bees to pollinate their crops each spring, the loss of so large a part of the bee population has aroused concerns about shortages and high prices.
"I'm not in the pollination business, but this year I wish I was," said Bob Hughes, president of the New Jersey Beekeepers Association, who said he had lost more than half of his nearly 200 hives in Yardville, N.J. "I've had three phone calls in three days from people who want to rent colonies for pollinating. I sent two of them to hobbyists I knew. But the other one I couldn't help." So far this spring, he said, 11,000 hives have been brought to New Jersey to pollinate crops.
Fruit growers usually pay $30 to $40 to have a hive placed among their plants in the spring, with the hive's owner keeping the honey. But Chris Heintz, director of research for the Almond Board of California, said she had heard reports of growers paying more than $100 per hive. With one hive needed per acre of almond trees, that can add up fast.
Such an increase in the price of bees worries Paul Geletta, one of the owners of Atlantic Blueberry Farms, a big producer in Hammonton, N.J. Knowing that there might be a shortage, he arranged back in January to rent hives for this spring, lining up beekeepers in Louisiana, Florida and Virginia. But if people in California are paying $100 for a hive that fetches about $40 in New Jersey, he said, will he be able to get bees next spring?
"Some of the beekeepers down South are going to be tempted to go out to California for the almonds if this keeps up," Mr. Geletta said.
Mr. Linelho has bought a "hygienic queen" from Russia, one that is genetically predisposed to keep itself and other bees clean of dirt and parasites. He hopes this tendency will spread to his bees. He and Mr. Hughes will also employ beekeeping tricks to combine surviving bees from decimated colonies. The hope is that these combined colonies can produce a queen - and that researchers can find a way to stop the mites.
One possible solution involves putting screens in the bottom of the honeycomb frames that would make it harder for mites that have fallen down to climb back. Another involves deploying a chemical bees secrete in making wax that is harmless to the bees but potentially fatal to the mites. In addition, researchers are working on a fungus, also harmless to bees but bad for mites, that would be applied to vinyl strips and hung inside the hive.
"This is a crisis, right now," said Mr. Hackett, the Agriculture Department researcher, "and we're throwing everything we have at it."
